Museums stand as guardians of our collective heritage, offering windows into diverse cultures and epochs. These institutions play a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of the world, serving as repositories of knowledge and catalysts for cultural dialogue. As society evolves, so too do museums, adapting to new technologies and shifting perspectives on representation and inclusivity. The transformation of museums from static displays to dynamic, interactive spaces reflects a broader change in how we engage with history and culture in the 21st century.
Evolution of museology: from cabinets of curiosities to digital archives
The journey of museums from private collections to public institutions is a fascinating tale of cultural evolution. In the 16th and 17th centuries, wealthy individuals curated cabinets of curiosities , showcasing exotic artefacts and natural specimens. These early precursors to modern museums were often eclectic and unorganized, reflecting the collector’s personal interests rather than a systematic approach to knowledge.
As the Age of Enlightenment dawned, a more scientific approach to collection and curation emerged. The 18th century saw the birth of public museums, with institutions like the British Museum opening their doors in 1759. This marked a significant shift towards democratizing access to cultural and historical artefacts, although initial audiences were primarily scholars and the upper classes.
The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed a rapid expansion of museums worldwide, coinciding with the rise of nation-states and colonial empires. Museums became symbols of national pride and repositories of cultural patrimony, often housing artefacts acquired through colonial exploits. This era also saw the emergence of specialized museums focusing on art, natural history, science, and technology.
Today, museums are undergoing another transformation, embracing digital technologies to enhance visitor experiences and reach global audiences. Virtual tours, interactive exhibits, and online collections have become commonplace, allowing museums to transcend physical boundaries and engage with visitors in novel ways. This digital revolution has not only expanded access but also opened new avenues for conservation, research, and collaboration among institutions worldwide.
Curatorial strategies for cultural representation in ethnographic museums
Ethnographic museums face unique challenges in representing diverse cultures ethically and accurately. The traditional approach of displaying cultural artefacts as exotic curiosities has given way to more nuanced, contextualized presentations that respect the source communities and challenge colonial narratives.
Decolonizing exhibition practices: case study of the pitt rivers museum
The Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, UK, offers an insightful example of how institutions are grappling with their colonial legacies. In recent years, the museum has undertaken a comprehensive review of its collections and display practices, aiming to decolonize its approach to cultural representation.
One significant change involved removing human remains from display and repatriating culturally sensitive objects to their communities of origin. The museum has also introduced new interpretative materials that provide context for the objects, including information about how they were acquired and their significance to the source communities.
This shift in curatorial strategy reflects a broader trend in museology towards acknowledging the complex histories of collections and fostering dialogue with source communities. By doing so, museums like Pitt Rivers are transforming from spaces of colonial nostalgia into platforms for critical reflection and intercultural understanding.
Indigenous voices in museology: collaborative curation at the national museum of the american indian
The National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) in Washington, D.C., has pioneered a collaborative approach to curation that places Indigenous voices at the forefront. This model, known as community curation , involves working closely with Native American tribes and communities to develop exhibitions and interpret collections.
Through this process, the NMAI ensures that Indigenous perspectives are central to how their cultures are represented. Community members participate in all stages of exhibition development, from selecting objects to writing interpretive texts. This approach not only provides more authentic and nuanced representations of Indigenous cultures but also empowers communities to reclaim control over their cultural narratives.
The success of the NMAI’s collaborative model has inspired other institutions to adopt similar practices, recognizing the value of including multiple voices and perspectives in the curatorial process.
Digital repatriation: virtual access to cultural heritage at the british museum
The concept of digital repatriation has gained traction as a way to address the complex issues surrounding the ownership and access to cultural heritage. The British Museum, home to one of the world’s largest collections of historical artefacts, has embraced this approach through its online collection database.
By digitizing and making accessible high-resolution images and 3D scans of objects, the museum allows source communities and researchers worldwide to study and engage with cultural heritage items that may be physically inaccessible. This digital access does not replace physical repatriation but offers a complementary approach to sharing cultural knowledge and fostering research.
The British Museum’s online platform includes over 4.5 million objects, with detailed information and multiple views for many items. This resource has proven invaluable for scholars, educators, and community members seeking to reconnect with their heritage, even when physical access to the objects is not possible.
Ethical considerations in displaying human remains: the lindow man exhibit
The display of human remains in museums raises complex ethical questions about respect, dignity, and cultural sensitivity. The case of Lindow Man, a preserved body from the 1st century AD discovered in a peat bog in England, illustrates the evolving approaches to this sensitive issue.
When first displayed at the British Museum in the 1980s, Lindow Man was presented primarily as a scientific specimen. However, subsequent exhibitions have taken a more nuanced approach, considering the human aspect of the remains and the ethical implications of their display.
In recent years, museums have developed guidelines for the respectful treatment and display of human remains. These often include consulting with descendant communities, providing appropriate context, and considering whether display is necessary or if other methods of sharing information might be more appropriate.
The ongoing dialogue surrounding the exhibition of human remains reflects broader debates about the role of museums in society and their responsibilities to both the dead and the living.
Interactive technologies revolutionizing museum visitor experiences
The integration of interactive technologies in museums has transformed the visitor experience, making exhibitions more engaging, accessible, and personalized. These innovations not only enhance learning but also attract new audiences and encourage deeper engagement with cultural heritage.
Augmented reality applications: the smithsonian’s skin & bones app
The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History’s Skin & Bones app exemplifies the potential of augmented reality (AR) in museum settings. This innovative application allows visitors to point their smartphones or tablets at animal skeletons in the Bone Hall, bringing the specimens to life through animated overlays.
Users can watch extinct animals move, see muscle and skin layered over bones, and access additional information about each species. This AR experience not only enhances visitors’ understanding of animal anatomy and evolution but also adds an element of excitement and discovery to the traditional museum visit.
The success of Skin & Bones has inspired other museums to develop similar AR applications, recognizing the technology’s potential to create immersive and educational experiences that complement physical exhibits.
Virtual reality historical reconstructions: the timelooper experience
Virtual reality (VR) offers museums the ability to transport visitors to different times and places, providing immersive historical experiences. Timelooper, a VR platform used by several museums worldwide, allows visitors to step back in time and witness historical events firsthand.
For example, at the Tower of London, visitors can use Timelooper to witness the execution of Anne Boleyn in 1536. This VR experience combines historical research with cutting-edge technology to create a vivid and emotionally impactful representation of the past.
Such VR applications not only make history more tangible and engaging but also allow museums to showcase historical reconstructions that would be impossible or impractical to create physically. This technology opens up new possibilities for storytelling and historical interpretation in museum settings.
Ai-powered personalized tours: IBM watson at the pinacoteca de são paulo
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the way museums offer personalized experiences to visitors. The Pinacoteca de São Paulo in Brazil has partnered with IBM Watson to create an AI-powered guide that adapts to each visitor’s interests and preferences.
As visitors explore the museum, the AI analyzes their behavior and interactions to suggest artworks and provide tailored information. This personalized approach ensures that each visitor receives a unique experience, discovering works that align with their interests and learning at their own pace.
The use of AI in museum tours not only enhances visitor engagement but also provides valuable data for curators and educators, helping them understand visitor preferences and optimize exhibition designs.
Gamification in museum education: the tate modern’s race against time
Gamification has emerged as a powerful tool for engaging younger audiences and making art more accessible. The Tate Modern’s “Race Against Time” game exemplifies this approach, challenging players to travel through different art movements and save famous artworks from destruction.
This online game, playable both in the museum and at home, introduces players to key artists and art styles in a fun, interactive format. By incorporating elements of competition and storytelling, the game makes art history more appealing to audiences who might otherwise find traditional museum experiences daunting or uninteresting.
The success of such gamification initiatives demonstrates the potential for museums to use digital technologies to reach new audiences and make cultural education more engaging and accessible.
Conservation science: preserving cultural artefacts for future generations
The preservation of cultural artefacts is a critical function of museums, requiring a delicate balance between conservation and accessibility. Modern conservation science employs cutting-edge technologies and interdisciplinary approaches to protect and restore precious objects, ensuring their survival for future generations.
One of the most significant advancements in conservation science is the use of non-invasive imaging techniques. Technologies such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and multispectral imaging allow conservators to analyze the composition and condition of artefacts without physical contact. These methods provide invaluable insights into an object’s history, materials, and deterioration processes, informing conservation strategies.
Environmental control is another crucial aspect of conservation. Museums now utilize sophisticated climate control systems to maintain optimal temperature and humidity levels, protecting artefacts from environmental damage. Some institutions have even developed microclimates for particularly sensitive objects, using specially designed display cases that provide precise environmental control.
Digital preservation has also become an essential component of conservation efforts. High-resolution 3D scanning and photogrammetry create detailed digital records of artefacts, serving both as documentation and as a basis for potential restoration work. These digital archives also enable virtual access to fragile objects that cannot be displayed publicly.
Collaboration between conservators, scientists, and cultural heritage experts has led to innovative approaches in treating complex artefacts. For instance, the conservation of ancient manuscripts often involves a combination of traditional techniques and modern technologies, such as using enzymes to clean delicate surfaces or employing specialized adhesives for repair.
Conservation science is not just about preserving the past; it’s about ensuring that our cultural heritage remains accessible and meaningful for future generations.
As conservation science continues to evolve, ethical considerations remain at the forefront. Conservators must balance the desire to restore artefacts with the need to preserve their historical integrity. This often involves making difficult decisions about how much intervention is appropriate and how to document all conservation treatments for future reference.
Museum architecture as cultural narratives: from the louvre to the guggenheim bilbao
The architecture of museums plays a crucial role in shaping visitor experiences and communicating cultural narratives. From historic palaces converted into galleries to cutting-edge contemporary designs, museum buildings are themselves artefacts that reflect changing ideas about art, culture, and public space.
The Louvre in Paris exemplifies how a historic building can be adapted to serve as a modern museum. Originally a royal palace, the Louvre’s architecture spans centuries, with each addition reflecting the artistic and political climate of its time. The iconic glass pyramid, added in 1989 by I.M. Pei, serves as a modern counterpoint to the classical façade, symbolizing the museum’s evolution and its bridging of past and present.
In contrast, the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, designed by Frank Gehry, represents a radically different approach to museum architecture. Opened in 1997, this titanium-clad structure with its sweeping curves and unconventional forms has become a landmark of contemporary architecture. The building’s dramatic design not only houses art but is itself a sculptural work that has transformed the city’s identity and economy, a phenomenon known as the “Bilbao Effect.”
The Centre Pompidou in Paris offers yet another architectural statement. Its inside-out design, with exposed structural and mechanical systems, challenges traditional notions of what a museum should look like. This approach reflects the centre’s mission to make contemporary art and culture accessible to a wide audience.
In recent years, there has been a trend towards creating museum buildings that are more integrated with their surroundings. The Ordos Museum in Inner Mongolia, designed by MAD Architects, draws inspiration from the Gobi Desert landscape, with its undulating form echoing sand dunes. This approach demonstrates how museum architecture can respond to and reflect local cultural and environmental contexts.
Museum architecture is not merely a shell for exhibits; it is an integral part of the museum experience, shaping how visitors interact with art and cultural heritage.
The design of museum interiors is equally important in creating meaningful visitor experiences. Flexible spaces that can accommodate diverse exhibitions and programming have become increasingly common. The Tate Modern’s Turbine Hall, for example, provides a vast, adaptable space for large-scale installations and performances, challenging artists to create works that respond to the unique architectural environment.
As museums continue to evolve, their architecture will undoubtedly reflect changing ideas about cultural representation, accessibility, and sustainability. The challenge for architects and museum professionals is to create spaces that are not only visually striking but also functional, inclusive, and responsive to the needs of diverse audiences and collections.
Economic impact and cultural diplomacy: museums in the global tourism landscape
Museums have emerged as significant players in the global tourism industry, contributing substantially to local economies and serving as instruments of cultural diplomacy. Their impact extends far beyond their role as cultural repositories, influencing urban development, international relations, and sustainable tourism practices.
Bilbao effect: economic regeneration through cultural investment
The “Bilbao Effect” refers to the phenomenon of urban regeneration through investment in iconic cultural institutions. The transformation of Bilbao, Spain, following the construction of the Guggenheim Museum, has become a model for cities worldwide seeking to revitalize their economies through cultural tourism.
Prior to the Guggenheim’s opening in 1997, Bilbao was a declining industrial city. The museum’s striking architecture and world-class exhibitions attracted millions of visitors, spurring the development of hotels, restaurants, and other tourist infrastructure. This influx of tourism led to significant job creation and economic growth, demonstrating the potential of cultural institutions to drive urban renewal.
However, replicating the Bilbao Effect is not without challenges. Cities must carefully consider their unique cultural assets and local context to ensure that such investments are sustainable and beneficial to the community in the long term.
Soft power and national branding: the louvre abu dhabi project
The Louvre Abu Dhabi represents a bold experiment in cultural diplomacy and national branding. Opened in 2017, this museum is the result of an unprecedented partnership between the United Arab Emirates and France, bringing the Louvre’s expertise and prestige to the Middle East.
This project serves multiple purposes: it enhances Abu Dhabi’s cultural offerings, attracting international tourists and positioning the city as a global cultural hub. For France, it extends the Louvre’s brand globally and strengthens diplomatic ties with the UAE. The museum’s collection and programming emphasize cross-cultural dialogue, reflecting its role as a bridge between East and West.
The Louvre Abu Dhabi illustrates how museums can function as tools of soft power, enhancing a nation’s global reputation and fostering international relationships through cultural exchange.
Sustainable tourism models: the eco-museum concept in Haute-Beauce, quebec
As concerns about overtourism and environmental sustainability grow, some museums are pioneering more sustainable models of cultural tourism. The eco-museum concept, exemplified by the Haute-Beauce Ecomuseum in Quebec, Canada, offers an alternative approach that emphasizes community involvement and environmental stewardship.
Eco-museums are not confined to a single building but spread across
Eco-museums are not confined to a single building but spread across a region, integrating natural landscapes, local traditions, and community participation. The Haute-Beauce Ecomuseum, established in 1979, encompasses a network of heritage sites, natural areas, and local businesses that collectively represent the region’s cultural and ecological diversity.
This model promotes sustainable tourism by encouraging visitors to engage with local communities, support traditional crafts and industries, and develop a deeper understanding of the region’s ecosystem. By dispersing tourist activities across a wider area, eco-museums help mitigate the negative impacts of mass tourism on any single site.
The success of the Haute-Beauce Ecomuseum has inspired similar initiatives worldwide, demonstrating how museums can play a role in promoting sustainable development and preserving local cultural identities in the face of globalization.
Cultural exchange programs: the british museum’s international training programme
The British Museum’s International Training Programme (ITP) exemplifies how museums can foster cultural exchange and professional development on a global scale. Established in 2006, the ITP brings together museum and heritage professionals from around the world for an intensive six-week training program in London.
Participants gain hands-on experience in various aspects of museum work, from curation and conservation to visitor engagement and management. The program emphasizes cross-cultural collaboration, enabling professionals from diverse backgrounds to share knowledge and best practices.
Beyond the immediate benefits to participants, the ITP creates a global network of museum professionals. This network facilitates ongoing collaboration, knowledge sharing, and cultural exchange long after the program concludes. Many alumni have gone on to implement innovative projects in their home institutions, applying the skills and perspectives gained through the program.
Initiatives like the ITP demonstrate the potential for museums to act as platforms for international cooperation and professional development in the cultural sector. By investing in such programs, museums not only enhance their own global connections but also contribute to the development of museum practices worldwide.
Through cultural exchange programs, museums become catalysts for global dialogue and mutual understanding, transcending national boundaries to create a shared vision for cultural heritage preservation and interpretation.
As museums continue to evolve in the 21st century, their role in cultural diplomacy, economic development, and sustainable tourism will likely expand. The challenge for museum professionals will be to balance these broader societal impacts with their core missions of preservation, education, and cultural representation. By embracing innovative approaches and fostering international collaboration, museums can remain relevant and impactful in an increasingly interconnected world.
# 5C6F2F/fridge_apifrom fastapi import FastAPI, HTTPExceptionfrom typing import Listfrom pydantic import BaseModelimport mysql.connectorfrom mysql.connector import Errorclass Item(BaseModel): id: int name: str quantity: int expiration_date: strapp = FastAPI()def create_connection(): connection = None try: connection = mysql.connector.connect( host=’localhost’, database=’fridge’, user=’root’, password=’root’ ) print(“Connected to MySQL database”) except Error as e: print(f”Error: ‘{e}'”) return connectiondef close_connection(connection): if connection: connection.close() print(“MySQL connection is closed”)@app.get(“/items”, response_model=List[Item])def get_items(): connection = create_connection() try: cursor = connection.cursor(dictionary=True) cursor.execute(“SELECT * FROM items”) items = cursor.fetchall() return items except Error as e: raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e)) finally: close_connection(connection)@app.get(“/items/{item_id}”, response_model=Item)def get_item(item_id: int): connection = create_connection() try: cursor = connection.cursor(dictionary=True) cursor.execute(“SELECT * FROM items WHERE id = %s”, (item_id,)) item = cursor.fetchone() if item: return item else: raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=”Item not found”) except Error as e: raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e)) finally: close_connection(connection)@app.post(“/items”, response_model=Item)def create_item(item: Item): connection = create_connection() try: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = “INSERT INTO items (name, quantity, expiration_date) VALUES (%s, %s, %s)” values = (item.name, item.quantity, item.expiration_date) cursor.execute(sql, values) connection.commit() item.id = cursor.lastrowid return item except Error as e: raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e)) finally: close_connection(connection)@app.put(“/items/{item_id}”, response_model=Item)def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item): connection = create_connection() try: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = “UPDATE items SET name = %s, quantity = %s, expiration_date = %s WHERE id = %s” values = (item.name, item.quantity, item.expiration_date, item_id) cursor.execute(sql, values) connection.commit() if cursor.rowcount == 0: raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=”Item not found”) return item except Error as e: raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e)) finally: close_connection(connection)@app.delete(“/items/{item_id}”)def delete_item(item_id: int): connection = create_connection() try: cursor = connection.cursor() sql = “DELETE FROM items WHERE id = %s” cursor.execute(sql, (item_id,)) connection.commit() if cursor.rowcount == 0: raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail=”Item not found”) return {“message”: “Item deleted successfully”} except Error as e: raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=str(e)) finally: close_connection(connection)# deeps28raj/Library-Management-System# src/main/resources/application.propertiesspring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/lms?createTableIfNotExists=truespring.datasource.username=rootspring.datasource.password=Deep@1234spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update#SMTP propertiesspring.mail.host=smtp.gmail.comspring.mail.port=587spring.mail.username=springacciojob@gmail.comspring.mail.password=nchbehwrnykfktlpspring.mail.properties.mail.smtp.auth=truespring.mail.properties.mail.smtp.starttls.enable=trueEnd File# src/main/java/com/example/Library/Management/System/Service/TransactionService.javapackage com.example.Library.Management.System.Service;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.IssueBookRequestDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.IssueBookResponseDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Entity.Book;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Entity.LibraryCard;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Entity.Transaction;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Enum.CardStatus;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Enum.TransactionStatus;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Repository.BookRepository;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Repository.CardRepository;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Repository.TransactionRepository;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.mail.SimpleMailMessage;import org.springframework.mail.javamail.JavaMailSender;import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;import java.util.UUID;@Servicepublic class TransactionService { @Autowired CardRepository cardRepository; @Autowired BookRepository bookRepository; @Autowired TransactionRepository transactionRepository; @Autowired private JavaMailSender emailSender; public IssueBookResponseDto issueBook(IssueBookRequestDto issueBookRequestDto) throws Exception { //Create Transaction Object Transaction transaction = new Transaction(); transaction.setTransactionNumber(String.valueOf(UUID.randomUUID())); transaction.setIssueOperation(true); //1. Get the book Book book; try{ book = bookRepository.findById(issueBookRequestDto.getBookId()).get(); } catch (Exception e){ transaction.setTransactionStatus(TransactionStatus.FAILED); transaction.setMessage(“Book not found”); transactionRepository.save(transaction); throw new Exception(“Book not found”); } //2. Get the card LibraryCard card; try{ card = cardRepository.findById(issueBookRequestDto.getCardId()).get(); } catch(Exception e){ transaction.setTransactionStatus(TransactionStatus.FAILED); transaction.setMessage(“Card not found”); transactionRepository.save(transaction); throw new Exception(“Card not found”); } //3. Validations if(card.getStatus()!= CardStatus.ACTIVATED){ transaction.setTransactionStatus(TransactionStatus.FAILED); transaction.setMessage(“Your card is not activated”); transactionRepository.save(transaction); throw new Exception(“Your card is not activated”); } if(book.isIssued()==true){ transaction.setTransactionStatus(TransactionStatus.FAILED); transaction.setMessage(“Sorry! Book is already issued.”); transactionRepository.save(transaction); throw new Exception(“Sorry! Book is already issued.”); } if(card.getNoOfBooksIssued() >= 5){ transaction.setTransactionStatus(TransactionStatus.FAILED); transaction.setMessage(“Sorry! You have already issued 5 books”); transactionRepository.save(transaction); throw new Exception(“Sorry! You have already issued 5 books”); } //4. Success case transaction.setTransactionStatus(TransactionStatus.SUCCESS); transaction.setMessage(“Transaction was successful”); book.setIssued(true); book.setCard(card); book.getTransaction().add(transaction); card.getTransactionList().add(transaction); card.getBookIssued().add(book); card.setNoOfBooksIssued(card.getNoOfBooksIssued()+1); transaction.setBook(book); transaction.setCard(card); cardRepository.save(card); //Prepare Response Dto IssueBookResponseDto issueBookResponseDto = new IssueBookResponseDto(); issueBookResponseDto.setTransactionId(transaction.getTransactionNumber()); issueBookResponseDto.setTransactionStatus(TransactionStatus.SUCCESS); issueBookResponseDto.setBookName(book.getTitle()); //send an email String text = “Congrats !!.” + card.getStudent().getName()+ ” You have been issued “+book.getTitle()+” book.”; SimpleMailMessage message = new SimpleMailMessage(); message.setFrom(“springacciojob@gmail.com”); message.setTo(card.getStudent().getEmail()); message.setSubject(“Issue Book Notification”); message.setText(text); emailSender.send(message); return issueBookResponseDto; }}End File# deeps28raj/Library-Management-System# src/main/java/com/example/Library/Management/System/Controller/AuthorController.javapackage com.example.Library.Management.System.Controller;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.AuthorRequestDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.AuthorResponseDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Entity.Author;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Service.AuthorService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;@RestController@RequestMapping(“/author”)public class AuthorController { @Autowired AuthorService authorService; @PostMapping(“/add”) public AuthorResponseDto addAuthor(@RequestBody AuthorRequestDto authorRequestDto){ return authorService.addAuthor(authorRequestDto); }}End File# src/main/java/com/example/Library/Management/System/Controller/BookController.javapackage com.example.Library.Management.System.Controller;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.BookRequestDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.BookResponseDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Entity.Book;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Service.BookService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController@RequestMapping(“/book”)public class BookController { @Autowired BookService bookService; @PostMapping(“/add”) public BookResponseDto addBook(@RequestBody BookRequestDto bookRequestDto) throws Exception { return bookService.addBook(bookRequestDto); }}End Filepackage com.example.Library.Management.System.Controller;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.IssueBookRequestDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.IssueBookResponseDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Service.TransactionService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PostMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestController@RequestMapping(“/transaction”)public class TransactionController { @Autowired TransactionService transactionService; @PostMapping(“/issue”) public ResponseEntity issueBook(@RequestBody IssueBookRequestDto issueBookRequestDto){ IssueBookResponseDto issueBookResponseDto; try{ issueBookResponseDto = transactionService.issueBook(issueBookRequestDto); } catch (Exception e){ return new ResponseEntity(e.getMessage(), HttpStatus.NOT_ACCEPTABLE); } return new ResponseEntity(issueBookResponseDto,HttpStatus.ACCEPTED); }}End File# src/main/java/com/example/Library/Management/System/Repository/AuthorRepository.javapackage com.example.Library.Management.System.Repository;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Entity.Author;import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repositorypublic interface AuthorRepository extends JpaRepository {}End Filepackage com.example.Library.Management.System.Controller;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.StudentRequestDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.StudentResponseDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.DTO.StudentUpdateEmailRequestDto;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Entity.Student;import com.example.Library.Management.System.Service.StudentService;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;@RestController@RequestMapping(“/student”)public class StudentController { @Autowired StudentService studentService; @PostMapping(“/add”) public String addStudent(@RequestBody StudentRequest